![]() After enzyme expression, cells were harvested by centrifugation (11,000 g at 4☌ for 10 min), washed twice with washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8, containing 100 mM NaCl), resuspended in the same buffer with the addition of 1 mM PMSF and 20% glycerol, and stored at −80☌. 2.2 Preparation of the enzymatic extractĮnzyme expression was performed as described by Huijbers et al. Palmitic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. coli BL21 (DE3) cells were transformed with the plasmid for recombinant enzyme production. The plasmid containing the CvFAP gene (short length comprising residues 62-654) has been reported previously ( Huijbers et al., 2018). 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Strain, vector, and materialsĮscherichia coli DH5α was used for DNA manipulation. Therefore, we became interested in exploring the possibility of applying the experience of our group ( Benincá et al., 2022) to further develop the field of sunlight decarboxylation mediated by Chlorella variabilis FAP ( CvFAP). From a Green Chemistry perspective, the Sun represents a virtually inexhaustible energy source ( Sambiagio and Noël, 2020). Interestingly, the majority of photochemical studies do not utilize real sunlight, the ultimate green source of energy, but rather focus on artificial illumination ( Esser et al., 19194). Advances in photochemistry, specifically in the development of LED technology, have allowed a significant improvement in the investigation of new light-dependent reactions, transforming photochemistry into a powerful tool for organic chemistry and catalysis ( Xie et al., 2020). Some examples of natural photobiotransformations include chlorophyll biosynthesis ( Heyes et al., 2021), the repair of light-damaged DNA ( Weber, 2005) and the photodecarboxylation of long-chain acids to the corresponding alkane/alkene via fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) ( Huijbers et al., 2018 Sorigué et al., 2018 Xu et al., 2019 Lakavath et al., 2020). The biocatalysis field has also been part of this development with an increasing number of publications on photobiocatalysis where enzymes or co-factors could be activated or regenerated by light ( Peng et al., 2021). In the past decades, chemists have made remarkable advances regarding the use of light to perform chemical reactions and the renascence of organic photochemistry is underway ( Akita and Koike, 2015). Ten years have passed since the 100th anniversary of the article published by Giacomo Ciamician in which he challenges chemists, especially organic chemists, to imagine a chemical industry that could mimic plants by using a more sustainable and renewable process to synthesize organic molecules ( Ciamician, 1912). ![]() The findings indicate that the process of enzymatic decarboxylation could be useful for the production of different biofuels in the future. In this study, we have demonstrated that sunlight irradiation, even on cloudy days, can deliver similar results to traditional LED lamps while using much less energy and minimizing environmental impact. Remarkable decarboxylation rates have been observed with full conversion in less than 20 min. 4Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, NetherlandsĪ visible-light-driven photocatalytic decarboxylation of palmitic acid and related fatty acids is described in this study.3Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.2Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Proteínas, Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.1Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Almeida 2, Frank Hollmann 4 and Rodrigo O. religious educators at universities in German-speaking areas Member and scientific advisor for the curriculum comission for Catholic religious education at secondary schools in NRWĬhairman of the working association of Cath. Member of the Missio-commission of the Archdiocese of Paderborn for Practical and Ecumenical Theology in Siegen Theology at the University of Paderborn, also religion teacher at a secondary and a technical secondary school, additional studies in pedagogy and religious pedagogy Postgraduate assistant and visiting lecturer for the subject Cath. ![]() Occupation as editor for theology for the Herder publishing house Freiburg Study of Philosophy/Catholic Theology/Ecumenical Theology in Frankfurt, Tübingen and Münster
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